Essay Sample on The Nations Toughest Drug Law

Essay Sample on The Nation’s Toughest Drug Law The Nation’s Toughest Drug Law Oct 29, 2019 in Law Introduction In the modern and developing world, probably everyone has heard about drugs. The word drug from the very beginning was intended to characterize any psychoactive element with any sleep-inducing or anabolic effect. Later on, along with our developing world, this word became associated more with the opioids, in most cases, with morphine and heroin as well as with their derivatives, such as hydrocodone (Julien, 2008, p. 537). At the end of the 20th century, drugs became the real disease of the society. More and more people were getting addicted to it, but not many could give it up. As the drug offenders started to spread all over the country, the strong need in the stem laws appeared. One of these laws, sometimes even called The Nations Toughest Drug Law, was the 1973 New York Rockefeller Drug law. Body This law contained three major conditions designed to incapacitate drug criminals and to stem future drug use. The first provision was mandatory and stipulated long prison terms for heroin dealers. The next one concerned confinements on plea bargaining for drug offenders. The last provision had mandatory prison terms for certain categories of constant and repetitive criminals. These methods were something immense and unbelievable at that period of time, but in the todays world it is very hard to astonish somebody with such things. Chat now Order now The law established three categories of drug dealers: A-I offenders. This class consists of major dealers, people who sold one ounce of heroin or possessed two or more ounces. This class of offenders would serve minimum prison terms of 15 or 25 years with the maximum term of life imprisonment. A-II offenders. Middle-level dealers, those who sold one-eighth of an ounce of heroin or possessed one to two ounces. They would serve at least 6 to 8 and one-third years and a maximum of life imprisonment. A-III criminals. Minor street dealers. Anyone who sold less than one-eighth of an ounce of heroin or possessed up to one ounce of drug. These people would serve from at least one to eight and one-third years to a maximum term of life imprisonment. In general, any drug offender will definitely go to prison and would face the real possibility of life imprisonment, but under the old drug law lifetime imprisonments were very rare: only with a large amounts of drugs a person could be sentenced to lifetime imprisonment. However, the new drug law made this figure a lot bigger 1777 persons were convicted and sentenced to the lifetime terms (Lilly, Cullen, Ball, 2010, p. 162). The law was also preventing the plea bargaining. For example, anyone arrested for A-I crime could ask for A-III charge, but A-III people could not plead to anything lower. It also included some changes in the habitual-criminal provision, imposing mandatory prison terms on anyone with a prior crime conviction. To cope with an increase in the courts workload, New York added 49 new judges. However, practically every law has some inadvertence, and 1973 Rockefeller Drug law was not the exception. In theory, everything was just fine, but in practice the law was a paper tiger in some way: not in all aspects, but, nevertheless, in some important ones. One of them was the significant amount of slippage between arrest and conviction. For example, between 1972 and 1976 the percentage of drug arrests leading to indictment declined from 39 percent to only 25 percent. Also, the percentage of indictments resulting in conviction fell from 86 percent to 80 percent. The overall percentage of arrest leading to conviction fell from 33.5 percent to 20 percent. The next big thing was the fact that an important part of the slippage occurred after sentencing. The result of it was a serious prisons overcrowding as more and more people were sentenced to longer terms. For instance, the California prison crisis in 2008-2009 was the worst in the country. This led to releasing prisoners early th rough a variety of different methods and schemes. However, the most important problem of the law was that it had no significant effect on crime statistics of drug use events. For instance, serious property crimes, generally associated with the heroin users, had the 15 percent increase between 1973 and 1975 period. Also, despite the endeavor of the law, it could not stop the crack cocaine epidemic striking New York City in the late 1980s. It is important to outline that similar changes have been observed in a neighboring states. According to the National Household Survey, drug use began to decline in the late 1980s. Albeit this trend was nationwide, it would be a mistake to say that the 1973 New York law had any special impact on that tendency. However, the law did not completely fail to reach its primary goals. For convicted ones, the rate of incarceration went up from 33 to 55 percent. If only 55 percent were going to prison, about 25 percent of them were evading the mandatory sentencing provisions. To be frank, not much changed in terms of this aspect. The percentage of people arrested for sale of drug who were imprisoned was about 11 percent in 1972-1973 and the same 11 percent in 1976. So, no changes happened in 3-4 years. In spite of the obvious slippage in the convicted offenders number, the percent of criminals who were convicted and received a sentence term of three or more years changed from 3 to 22 percent. This was actually the most significant and important effect of the law (Lilly, Cullen, Ball, 2010, p. 163). .fod-banner { display: table; width: 100%; height: 100px; background-color: #04b5af; background-image: url('/images/banners/fod-banner-bg-1.png'), url('/images/banners/fod-banner-bg-2.png'); background-position: left center, right center; background-repeat: no-repeat; } .fod-banner .button { min-width: 120px; } .fod-banner-content { height: 100px; display: table-cell; vertical-align: middle; color: #ffffff; width: 100%; text-align: center; padding-top: 5px; padding-bottom: 5px; } .fod-banner-content > span:first-child { font-size: 15px; font-weight: 100; } .fod-banner-content-discount-text { font-size: 16px; } .fod-banner-content-discount-text span { font-size: 18px; color: #ffe98f; font-weight: bold; } .fod-banner-content-image { vertical-align: middle; } .fod-banner img.fod-banner-content-image { width: auto; } @media all and (min-width: 993px) and (max-width: 1320px) { .fod-banner { background-image: none; } } @media all and (min-width: 845px) and (max-width: 992px) { .fod-banner-content > span:first-child { font-size: 18px; } .fod-banner-content-discount-text { font-size: 20px; } .fod-banner-content-discount-text span { font-size: 24px; } } @media all and (max-width: 740px) { .fod-banner { background-image: url('/images/banners/fod-banner-bg-2.png'); background-position: right center; background-repeat: no-repeat; } } @media all and (max-width: 670px) { .fod-banner { background-image: none; } .fod-banner-content { padding: 15px 10px; } .fod-banner img, .fod-banner-content-discount-text { display: block; margin: 0 auto; } .fod-banner-content > span:first-child { font-size: 28px; } .fod-banner-content-discount-text { font-size: 20px; } .fod-banner-content-discount-text span { font-size: 24px; } } Limited time offer! Get 15% OFF your first order Order now The enormous rise in the potential prison terms meanwhile encouraged defense attorneys to go to trial. The percentage of the attorneys rose from 6 to 15 percent. Disposition time for all drug cases doubled under the new law in spite of the addition of the new judgeships. For some unexplained reasons, the new courts appeared noticeably less efficient than the old courts had been. The 1973 Rockefeller Drug law had a serious long-term impact and some further reforms. Even with a considerable slippage, the law led to a dramatic increase in the number of people imprisoned for drug charges. It is also very important to point out that this law hit more some minor street drug dealers than major criminals. Moreover, most prisoners were imprisoned disproportionately to the harm and the social effect of their crime. As it has been said before, one of the negative effects of that law was a serious overcrowding of prisons with all the associated costs (525 million dollars a year in the New York City). What is interesting about the law is that African Americans and Latinos nations represented 90 percent of those imprisoned people. The Nations Toughest Drug Law had no effect on bail practices because they remained the same before and after the implementation of the law. The next important thing is that the total number of drug criminals convictions in the courts from 1974 to 1976 was actually lower than it would have been expected during the same period, but under the old law. There were 5800 convictions in the 1974-1976 period. Moreover, the time to process all drug cases increased drastically. It happened mainly because of two reasons: The demand for trials rose roughly. In 1972-1973, only 6 percent of all drug cases in the New York City were disposed of by trial. Under the new 1973 law, that number rose to 16 percent. The interesting thing is that non-drug cases increased as well, from 6 to 12 percent. The real productivity of new courts created under the new 1973 law failed to match that of established courts. If the new courts had matched the established productivity, there would have been a very small growth in the drug felony. As a result of such delays, mostly in the New York City, fewer drug cases were disposed of between 1974 and 1976 than before the new law implementation. However, prison sentences grew up drastically in several counties. The law had some administrative problems as well. Police and prosecutors perceived the law as a new drain on resources. In their eyes, the law was already inadequate, but court congestions were not reduced even after putting into operation a large amount of new resources (Joint Committee on New York Drug Law Evaluation, U.S. National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice, 1978, p.26). Some prospective for the law, which appeared in 1976, should also be mentioned. So, first of all, the neighborhood protection policy should be taken into consideration. The point is that the biggest part of drugs on the street was due to A-III criminals. As it has been mentioned in the paper, the A-III offenders could not plead for the lower charge, so the huge amount of their arrests would have led to the inevitable court overload. However, in 1976 the police authorities of the New York City were able to change their enforcement policy. Now, the police officers could check the most dangerous and notorious areas of drug trade and confront small drug dealers and some drug purchases with quite a high risk of imprisonment. Moreover, such visits were made on the regular basis (Joint Committee on New York Drug Law Evaluation, U.S. National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice, 1978, p.27). It is important to outline that such visits were not very effective in terms of the drug trade elimination, but they had one noticeable and important impact. Such areas were becoming less popular among drug offenders and, therefore, the criminal activity in such areas was decreasing. It helped the desperate and hopeless innocent people who lived in that neighborhood and suffered from the criminal, thus improving their lives. Another consequential fact concerns predicate felony administration. It could be improved if the prosecutor could study the history of previous offenders convictions. Nowadays, the history of past convictions available to the court is not always complete, which complicates the situation. The interesting fact is that between 1971 and 1975 the percentage of non-drug crimes fell in the New York state. The main impulse of it was the belief that drugs are the main source of all felonies committed. So, if drug users were responsible for fewer crimes, then the resources available to fight the delinquency could be allocated more effectively (Joint Committee on New York Drug Law Evaluation, U.S. National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice, 1978, p.29). The 2009 reforms should be mentioned as well. They reduced penalties in some different ways, for instance, by cancelling mandatory sentencing for the first time class B, C, D, and E drug related felonies. The next example can be expansion of drug treatment and alternatives to incarceration. It also allowed resentencing about 1600 current offenders in specific categories. However, mandatory prison sentences for the most violent offenders of A-I and A-II levels remained the same. The important circumstance is that about 20 percent of A class offenders got discretionary non-prison sentences because of their being informants or because of their 16-18-year age (Lilly, Cullen, Ball, 2010, p. 164). One may actually ask if the 2009 reforms made a big difference. It is hard to answer this question straight away because it is just too early to say anything. At first, we should monitor the statistics of drug offenders sentenced to prison as well as the prison population itself. Moreover, the number of life imprisonment should be taken into consideration. Conclusion Only after few years from now, it would be obvious whether these reforms have made some noticeable impact or not, but nevertheless the path of improvement way has already been chosen.

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Selfless Service Definition Essay - 1379 Words

Selfless Service When one sees the word selfless service, he/she literally sees the words self and less, followed by service. Self refers to an individual (in this case, it refers to one’s own interests) and less indicates a lack of, or without. Service can be a synonym of the word volunteering or duty. Therefore, the term selfless service must literally mean the lack of the pursuit of one’s own interests for the betterment of others. There is no measurement of selfless service. No matter what the scenario or who is involved, everyone who is involved benefits from one’s selfless acts. The one who shows selflessness may benefit by receiving a â€Å"thank you,† or even just a good feeling of helping others. Of course, the ones who receive†¦show more content†¦Johnson wants to be the team leader, but the position is already occupied by Sergeant Williams. When Williams gives an order to Johnson, he purposely does not do his best to carry out ins tructions because Johnson is selfish and wants the glory of being in a leadership position. Because of Johnson’s lack of selfless service, the mission fails. This leads to a quote from Robert E. Hall, a top NCO (Noncommissioned Officer) in the U.S. Army, â€Å"Are you truly doing whats best for the nation, whats best for the Army, whats best for your unit, and whats best for your soldiers and their families? Are you taking all of that into consideration, or are you looking at what makes you as an individual look the best?† (qtd. in Medtrng.com). The family is another scale in which selfless service can be displayed. A man should have a natural urge to spend time with his wife and children. Believe it or not, this is an example of selfless service because a man sacrifices time and money to make his wife and children happy. For example, the Brown family decides to go on a vacation to Hawaii. 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Development Of Greek Philosophy Free Essays

Greek Philosophy emerged because of the following thinkers: Thales, Pythagoras, Heraclitus, Parmenides, Socrates, Plato, and last but not least, Aristotle (Bennagen, 2000). This paper entitled, â€Å"Development of Greek Philosophy† intends to describe the thinkers involved, key schools, as well as their ideas. First stop is Thales, who emerged in 610 to 546 BC (Bennagen, 2000). We will write a custom essay sample on Development Of Greek Philosophy or any similar topic only for you Order Now He is said to be the first philosopher because of the fact that he motivated people to think that the world in all made up of water (Bennagen, 2000). Second is Pythagoras, who came about in 582 to 507 BC (Bennagen, 2000). For Pythagoras, number is the most essential thing in life (Bennagen, 2000). It was him who established the relationship between angles and sides of the right triangle which he later technically referred to as the Pythagorean Theorem (Bennagen, 2000). Third is Heraclitus, who presented itself from 535 to 475 BC (Bennagen, 2000). For him, everything continuously changes and that stability does not exist (Bennagen, 2000). True enough because even those stable things, as they appear to be, are not (Bennagen, 2000). Examples include neutrons, electrons, and quarks (Bennagen, 2000). Fourth is Parmenides, who made himself known from 610 to 547 BC (Bennagen, 2000). He was the founder of the school known as â€Å"Eleatics† (Bennagen, 2000). For him, change is unreal, it is merely an illusion (Bennagen, 2000). In addition to that, for him, reality or â€Å"being† is everlasting, fixed, and undivided (Bennagen, 2000). He warns us that we should not always trust our senses when it comes to what reality is (Bennagen, 2000). Fifth is Socrates, who emerged in 469 to 399 BC (Bennagen, 2000). Socrates focused on the health of the soul and thus, he motivated people to look further into ethics or morality instead of nature as the first four philosophers were deeply interested in (Bennagen, 2000). Sixth is Plato (427 to 347 BC) who believes that reality is divided into two the perfect and imperfect (Bennagen, 2000). He also presented his ideal state and ideal leader to show his definition of reality (Bennagen, 2000). Last but not least is Aristotle who went to study things further using his senses, consequently discovering science itself (Bennagen, 2000). Reference Bennagen, P. (2000). Social, Economic, and Political Thought. Quezon City: UPOU. How to cite Development Of Greek Philosophy, Papers

After you my dear Alphonse by Shirley Jackson Essay Example For Students

After you my dear Alphonse by Shirley Jackson Essay In this short story Shirley Jackson portrays how harmful Racism can be, even though theres no violence or murder involved. But it also shows how a white boy and a black boy can have a relationship to each other with no prejudices; they consider each other equal persons. The game the boys are playing where they are saying after you my dear Alphonse to each other, is one of the ways Jackson tells us that they are equal. Mrs Wilson on the other hand, does not consider Boyd as an equal person to herself and her son. Mrs Wilson is trying to hide her Prejudices by being polite and generous to Boyd. She cant stop asking questions to (About) Boyds background and his family. She assumes that Boyds family are poor in spite of the fact that she doesnt have any acquaintance (knowledge)of Boyds background and his familys social status. Even when her own son Johnny tells her that Boyds father is the foreman of the factory; she ignores it and continues her questioning of Boyd. She stigmatizes Boyds family as poor because they are black; witch (which) was normal at this time. And she thinks she is right about her vision on Boyd, because a lot of black people were poor in the 40s where (when) the story takes place. When the boys are served stewed tomatoes, Johnny replies to his mother that Boyd does not eat tomatoes, But Mrs Wilson replies back with extreme condescension Boyd will eat anything to point out that Boyds family is poor. She thinks that Boyd is grateful for anything he can get to eat, but when Boyd doesnt want to eat the tomatoes, Mrs Wilson realises that Boyds family might be just as successful as her own family is. Her last try to prof that she is better than Boyd and his family. She offers Boyd second-hand clothing to (for) his family. Boyd explains politely to her that they have plenty of clothes themselves and that his family can buy him anything he needs. Mrs Wilson lifted the plate of gingerbread off the table as Boyd was about to take another piece she gets angry over the fact Boyd is not grateful for the clothes she is offering him. She is thinking that she is doing something good. But she suddenly realises that she cant help Boyd, and then she want (wants) nothing to do with him, and she is not as polite and generous as before Boyd told her about his background. Johnny doesnt share his mothers views. He is completely unbiased. He acts naturally about Boyds presence, like he would probably do to his other friends; he has no prejudices about black people. Johnny is a good example of childrens innocence. He doesnt understand his mothers comments and the racism that is hidden behind them. He is wondering about his mothers strange statements. But he cant connect it to Boyd being black. It is a perfect example of how children have no prejudices. The title of the text is used to support this. Its a symbol of Boyd and Johnnys great friendship. It shows us how unaffected the boys are by Mrs Wilsons racist behaviour. The phrase After you my dear Alphonse is normally used in a situation where two people are so polite to each other that they cant agree who shall do it. It originally comes from a french (French) comic strip where Alphonse and Gaston cant (cant) agree who should go trough a door first, so they are stuck in the moment. The boys say the phrase when they enter the home, but they repeat it when they are leaving the house again. This tells us that the boys are not affected by Mrs Wilsons Biased opinions. The short story is written in 1949. I think Jacksons message with writing this story is to show that America does not live up to some of the fundamental principles that build the nation. .udfb4b10f3fe7d98aa4e107578031f10c , .udfb4b10f3fe7d98aa4e107578031f10c .postImageUrl , .udfb4b10f3fe7d98aa4e107578031f10c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .udfb4b10f3fe7d98aa4e107578031f10c , .udfb4b10f3fe7d98aa4e107578031f10c:hover , .udfb4b10f3fe7d98aa4e107578031f10c:visited , .udfb4b10f3fe7d98aa4e107578031f10c:active { border:0!important; } .udfb4b10f3fe7d98aa4e107578031f10c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .udfb4b10f3fe7d98aa4e107578031f10c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .udfb4b10f3fe7d98aa4e107578031f10c:active , .udfb4b10f3fe7d98aa4e107578031f10c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .udfb4b10f3fe7d98aa4e107578031f10c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .udfb4b10f3fe7d98aa4e107578031f10c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .udfb4b10f3fe7d98aa4e107578031f10c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .udfb4b10f3fe7d98aa4e107578031f10c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .udfb4b10f3fe7d98aa4e107578031f10c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .udfb4b10f3fe7d98aa4e107578031f10c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .udfb4b10f3fe7d98aa4e107578031f10c .udfb4b10f3fe7d98aa4e107578031f10c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .udfb4b10f3fe7d98aa4e107578031f10c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: When The Emperor Was Divine EssayStatements like all men are considered equal and every man has the right to pursue Happiness is questioned by Jackson in this Short story. Mrs Wilson represents the average American citizen at this time despite the Declaration of Independence. Mrs Wilson attitude to Boyd also shows that it was very unlikely for a black family to be wealthy at this time. Mrs Wilsons prejudices towards black people are the main theme of this short story. Mrs Wilson will not believe that Boyds family Is wealthy, because she stigmatizes Black people as poor people.

Sherman`s Antitrust Essays - Competition Law,

Sherman`s Antitrust Whilst approaching the Twenty-first Century, America has taken significant strides in the advancement of high technology. With the unveiling of this new frontier comes continued innovation and government regulation. One aspect of the government in particular, the Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890, has impeded the progress of exploration into this new field; for the effectiveness of government is a nefarious hindrance to the efficiency of technology. Thus comes the age old question of who governs and to what ends. As a solution government should adopt a more Adam Smith approach to the regulation of high technology; the Sherman Anti-Trust Act should be amended by the legislature to allow more leeway for the technological and dynamic computer industry. The result of such an amendment, especially in a world economy such as ours, would allow American computer companies to thrive and compete with foreign companies as well as lead the way into the technological future of the Twenty-first Century. In the age of reform as a result of public sentiment, Congress passed the Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890, named for Senator John Sherman. The one hundred and eight year old Sherman Act forbids monopolizing a market or engaging in any "restraint of trade." Today "unlawful restraints" fall under three categories: 1) having too large a market share; 2) tying the sale of one product to another; 3) predatory pricing. For the past century the federal government has been pursuing a populist attack on big businesses--RCA, U.S. Steel, IBM, AT&T, Brown Shoe, A&P, etc. Most of the companies were ahead of their time and their competitors allowing them to become a successful, albeit big, businesses; however, due to government intervention and anti-trust investigation on the basis of the outdated Sherman Act, many of these cutting edge businesses were hindered in their progress for success. The market became a better trustbuster than the Department of Justice, maybe even better than big-stick, trust-busting Teddy Roosevelt. In 1969 the International Business Machines Corp. dominated the market with a 65% share of the computer industry. As a result of this success, the U.S. government sued IBM for having too large a market share and demanded the company be dismantled. As the "effectiveness" of government and the Sherman Anti-Trust Act were played out in the courts the advancement of technology increased significantly with new companies sprouting up (i.e. Intel, Microsoft). After the battle between IBM and the Justice Department was dropped in 1982, 13 years later, the fiercely dynamic computer industry had already checked the growth of IBM and the once monolithic enterprise was now headed into troubled waters. Another prime example is General Motors, who although were never investigated by the government for anti-trust, always had the fear of encountering the trust problem if they were too successful. Consequently automobile technology and manufacturing in America remained dormant while the Japanese in the 1980s rocked the American market. The current mammoth corporation under the Justice Department anti-trust microscope is Microsoft. This software oriented company stands accused of tying the sale of one product to the sale of another (Microsoft operating system and Internet Explorer) and predatory pricing. The following table illustrates the historic timeline of Microsoft verses the United States government. August 1993 The Justice Department begins investigating Microsoft's business practices. October 1994 Microsoft announces plans to buy Intuit, developer of Quicken, the leading personal finance program. When the Justice Department sues to block the acquisition, Microsoft calls off the deal. June 1995 Court upholds the Justice Department/Microsoft consent decree. Microsoft agrees not to tie the licensing of Windows to the licensing of other applications, but retains the right to develop "integrated products." September 1996 The Justice Department begins investigating Microsoft's bundling of Internet Explorer with Windows 95. April 1997 Justice Department investigates Micorsoft's plan to buy WebTV Networks; later allows deal to go forward. August 1997 Justice Department reviews Microsoft's investment in Apple Computer. October 1997 Department charges that by requiring computer vendors to load Internet Explorer on all systems, Micosoft is in violation of the 1995 consent decree. December 1997 U.S. District Court Judge Thomas P. Jackson orders that the "tying" of IE 4.0 to Windows be temporarily halted. Microsoft appeals. On December 11, 1997, Judge Jackson's ruling against Microsoft could forever alter the technological landscape. If the United States government were to succeed in its efforts it would establish a risky precedent: governmental meddling in software development. In his testimony to Congress, Mr. Gates asked members of the Senate Judiciary Committee, "Will the United States continue its breathtaking technological advances? I believe the answer is yes--if innovation is not restricted

Essay Sample on Odyssey by Homer The Basis of Greek Culture

Essay Sample on Odyssey by Homer The Basis of Greek Culture When we talk about epic poems, no other piece of literature finds as spectacular a position in the Greek Culture as do The Iliad and The Odyssey. Being the author of both these classic works, Homer has influenced the ancient Greek civilization more profoundly than Shakespeare has influenced English literature. â€Å"These two epics provide the basis of Greek education and culture throughout the classical age and form the backbone of humane education down to the time of the Roman Empire and the spread of Christianity.† (Encyclopedia Britannica 2005). The Odyssey consists of twenty-four books, and is a sequel to the Iliad. The story of the Odyssey starts when Troy has been destroyed and the Trojan War has come to an end. It creates a new epic with the adventure story of the Greek hero Odysseus who is struggling to go back to his home after the Trojan War. His journey combines hopes and hopelessness, loyalty and disloyalty, hospitality, vengeance, intelligence, experience, and what it means to be mortals and to be gods. During his entire journey, the gods play an important role. Interestingly, sometimes some of the gods help him, and sometimes some of the gods, like Poseidon, who are not happy with him, create trouble for him. Thus, his journey becomes a matter of argument between the gods. In the absence of Odysseus, some thousand suitors have forcefully entered his palace in Ithaka, and are courting his wife Penelope. His son Telemakhos finds himself helpless. The goddess Athena comes for help in disguise and urges him to go in search of his father. (Trans. Robert Fitzgerald, Book I-IV). Meanwhile, she helps Odysseus to release him from the eight-years long prison in the island of a beautiful goddess, Kalypso. The sea god Poseidon, who is angry because Odysseus had once blinded his son Polyphemus, interrupts Odysseus’ voyage by bringing up a storm. Somehow, with the help of Athena he arrives at Phaiakians, and sweet talk their princess, Nausikaa, into helping him. He gets a warm hospitality there, and before leaving tells them the story of his adventures. (Trans. Robert Fitzgerald, Book V-VIII) In flashback, we come to know that how after the Trojan War, Odysseus and his men suffered during their way back to home, and how his voyage took him to all over the Greek world from one island to another. First, at the hands of Kikones on the island of the Lotos eaters. Then, at the hands of kyklops Polyphemus who ate up many of his men before Odysseus blinded him in order to escape from there. It was here that his personal war with the sea god Poseidon had started. Their next stop was an island of man-eaters monsters. Somehow, Odysseus again managed to escape with his men. On the next island, the goddess Kirke turned his men into pigs, but with the help of the god Hermes, Odysseus became Kirke’s lover, metamorphosed the pigs into men again, and stayed on that island for one year. Next, they landed at the island of Helios, where as per the prophecy of the blind seer Teiresias, all of them except Odysseus were drowned in the sea by a storm. Finally, Odysseus reached Kalypsoâ⠂¬â„¢s island. (Trans. Robert Fitzgerald, Book IX – XII) After telling the story of his adventure, Odysseus, finally, leaves Phaiakians and with Athena’s help arrives at Ithaka in the disguise of a beggar. Athena, then, helps Telemakhos to come back and avoiding the suitor’s ambush he reunites with his father. Odysseus, now, makes a plan to teach a lesson to the suitors. As per the plan he reveals his identity only to his son and his loyal swineherd Eumaios. (Trans. Robert Fitzgerald, Book XIII – XVI) In the same disguise of a beggar Odysseus reaches his palace and analyze the situation, while the suitors and some of his old but disloyal servants treat him badly. He finds that Penelope has been a faithful wife, while Penelope doubts him as she finds some resemblance between the beggar and his supposedly dead husband. She organizes a shooting competition for the suitors with his husband’s great bow. (Trans. Robert Fitzgerald, Book XVII – XX). Odysseus participates, and wins the contest. Then, in the climax, he kills the leader of the suitors, Antinoos, and finally reveals his identity to all following the massacre of the majority of the suitors. Odysseus reunites with his wife and son, and with them visits his father, Laertes. There, an army of the suitors, lead by Antinoos’ father attacks them. Laertes kills the leader. But, before the battle could proceed, gods interfere and order peace between the two sides. (Trans. Robert Fitzgerald, Book XXI – XIV).